The basic map
Copies, texts, translations
Manuscripts
Handwritten copies preserve the biblical text. They agree to a remarkable degree, but individual copies also contain differences that must be compared.
Printed texts
Editors compare manuscripts and print a Greek or Hebrew text. The King James New Testament stands in the printed-text tradition commonly called the Textus Receptus.
Translations
Translators then carry meaning into English. Word choice, sentence structure and translation philosophy can create visible differences even when the source text is the same.
The investigation
Four questions for every claim
- What exactly is being claimed?Separate a historical claim from a theological conclusion.
- What is the earliest direct evidence?Look for the manuscript, quotation, edition or record itself.
- What is the strongest objection?A case is only useful if it faces the evidence against it.
- How certain is the conclusion?We label findings Clear, Likely or Not Settled.